Study: Postpartum depression affects fathers too

They might relish becoming parents, but they can also be unprepared for the infant in their lives. They're sleep-deprived, confused and irritable. They're the fathers.
Discussions of the connection between mental health and childbirth have long focused on women, but a sizeable portion of men experience prenatal and postpartum depression too, according to research released Tuesday.
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The study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Assn., found that 10.4% of men experienced serious depression at some point between his partner's first trimester and one year after childbirth, more than double the depression rate for men in general. American men were more likely to experience prenatal or postpartum depression compared with men in other countries, 14.1% in the U.S. compared with 8.2% internationally.
"It's viewed as a disorder of motherhood. It's not viewed by health professionals and the public as a problem in fathers," said James F. Paulson, the lead author of the study and an assistant professor of pediatrics at Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk.
But depression in either parent can affect both the couple's relationship and the child's development, Paulson said, adding that further study is needed.
"There have been a few very good studies documenting negative child outcomes when fathers are depressed," he said. "That alone makes this a significant public health concern and something we need to pay more attention to."
Paulson analyzed the findings of 43 studies involving 28,004 participants. The men were from the United States, China, Ireland, Britain, Australia and several other developed nations.
The most vulnerable period for depression in men was three to six months postpartum, he found, with a quarter of the men who experienced depression afflicted during this time period.
An estimated 14% to 23% of women experience depression during pregnancy and 5% to 25% have postpartum depression, according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Paternal depression has not been well documented historically, and many of the studies in the meta-analysis were conducted only in the last five to 10 years, Paulson said. The contemporary father may be more vulnerable to this malady than previous generations of fathers because of the increasing number of women in the workplace and the corresponding expectations that he shoulder more responsibilities at home.passion
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SEC unveils rules aimed at preventing another 'flash crash'

The Securities and Exchange Commission announced new measures on Tuesday aimed at avoiding a repeat of the market swoon earlier this month, saying that it would propose that trading in any given stock would be paused if a stock dives more than 10 percent in five minutes.
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The rules would apply across all trading venues. The halt in trading would last five minutes.
The proposal, which will be implemented in the next few weeks, is a response to several lessons of May 6, when the Dow Jones industrial average plummeted nearly 1,000 points in a matter of minutes. Existing triggers, or "circuit breakers," that would normally pause trading were outdated and did not go into effect. Meanwhile, different rules governing when to stop trading led to irregularities across the market.
"We continue to believe that the market disruption of May 6 was exacerbated by disparate trading rules and conventions across the exchanges," SEC Chairman Mary L. Schapiro said. "I believe that circuit breakers for individual securities across the exchanges would help to limit significant volatility.
The SEC and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission also released on Tuesday afternoon a report citing six theories on what may have caused the market's sudden gyrations, saying that it was likely that a web of speculative trades linked to the direction of the overall market helped fuel the declines.
The regulators' report sheds little light on which firms, traders and events caused the volatility. But the report underscores how the fate of the stock market today is guided largely by speculators making bets on far-flung exchanges that can nevertheless have a major influence on the prices of blue-chip stocks.
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The events of May 6 -- when the price swings of some stocks defied market fundamentals -- dealt a setback to confidence in a financial system already battered by concerns about a worsening debt crisis in Europe. The surge of volatility exposed flaws in the electronic guts of the trading system and highlighted the market's vulnerability to high-speed, computer-driven traders making decisions about what to buy and sell based on mathematical formulas.
A full account of what happened May 6 may take many months to complete, as it did after the spectacular market crash of Oct. 19, 1987, also known as Black Monday. While today's markets are virtually all electronic, making collection of data easier, the amount of data is far larger. In 1987, about 600 million shares were traded on a daily basis. On May 6, 19.5 billion shares were exchanged, comprising 66 million trades.
The SEC is looking at several other practices as it considers reforms.
The agency is contemplating how to reduce the use by market-makers of "stub" quotes. These quotes allow market-makers -- firms that agree to buy and sell shares to ensure that investors can make trades -- to technically stay active in the market as is required by some exchanges.
But the "stub" quotes are usually are far below or above what the market is asking and are almost never executed. On May 6, trades were executed at "stub" prices. Subsequently, exchanges have canceled those trades.
The agency will also look at whether short-term trading strategies, such as those that use computer analysis to make split-second decisions, need to be curtailed, as well as proposals to make it easier to capture and analyze trading patterns across markets.
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